Menopause has long been thought to cause psychological distress, but a new research review suggests that this idea is misleading.
The review, written by experts from Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital with international collaborators, is the third in a series of menopause-themed papers published in The Lancet. The authors found no evidence that menopause universally elevates risk of mental health conditions. The risks covered by the analysis include depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and psychosis.
“If you’ve never had major depression before, you’re extremely unlikely to have a first episode of clinical depression during the menopause transition.”
Hadine Joffe, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School
The researchers did find that certain groups were more at risk of mental health issues during menopause. Individuals were likelier to report depressive symptoms if they had previously experienced depression, if their sleep was severely disturbed by nocturnal hot flushes, or if they had a stressful life event concurrent with menopause.
As well as creating negative expectations for women approaching middle age, the misattribution of psychological distress to menopause could harm women by delaying accurate diagnosis and treatment, the researchers say.
“The take-home message to women and their clinicians is that we shouldn’t assume that if someone has mental health symptoms during the menopause transition that those two things are related,” said co-senior author Hadine Joffe, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and the interim chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Brigham and Women’s. “We don’t want to invalidate the fact that some people will experience mental health symptoms during the menopause transition, but it’s not guaranteed.”
The menopause transition — the time from when an individual begins to have hormonal and menstrual changes up until their final menstrual cycle — can last four to 10 years and begins at 47 years of age, on average. Though menopause is often thought of as emotionally taxing due to hormonal fluctuations, this time of life also coincides with substantial mid-life stresses and life events, such as relationship or job changes, which makes it difficult to tease apart the relative contribution of these factors.
The researchers reviewed previous studies that looked at the incidence of depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and psychosis during menopause. They placed higher weight on prospective studies that examined mental health pre-menopause as well as during or after the transition, including several studies that were conducted at Mass General Brigham.
They found that, while some studies showed an association between the incidence of depressive symptoms and menopause, more severe clinical depression during menopause only occurred in individuals who had previously been diagnosed with the condition.
“If you’ve never had major depression before, you’re extremely unlikely to have a first episode of clinical depression during the menopause transition,” says Joffe.
Depressive symptoms were also more frequently observed in individuals who experienced a very long menopause transition, individuals who suffered from severely interrupted sleep due to nocturnal hot flashes, and individuals who experienced stressful life events in the six months prior to being assessed.
The researchers found no compelling evidence that the risk of anxiety, bipolar disorder, or psychosis are universally elevated during the menopause transition, though there is scarcer literature on associations between these conditions and menopause.
As most menopause studies have been conducted in high-income countries, it’s unclear how these results translate to lower- and middle-income regions. There is also little known about how menopause impacts transgender and gender-diverse individuals.
The researchers indicate that hormonal therapy is not an appropriate first-line treatment for clinical depression during menopause. Instead, when patients present with mental health symptoms during menopause, clinicians should consider their backgrounds, previous mental health diagnoses, and current life situations, they said.
“We have a negative media image about menopause, but without looking at someone’s mental health prior to menopause, it’s very challenging to understand what might be biologically related to menopause as opposed to life stage or life trajectory,” says Joffe. “Clinicians need to think about what happened before, because depression might be coincident with menopause but unrelated.”
Lydia Brown, Myra S. Hunter, Rong Chen, Carolyn J. Crandall, Jennifer L. Gordon, Gita D. Mishra, Viktoria Rother, and co-senior author Martha Hickey worked with Joffe on the findings.
